@font-face{font-family:"Plus Jakarta Sans";src:url("fonts/plus-jakarta-sans-variable.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:200 800;font-display:swap}
:root{
  --ink:#0B1220;--ink-2:#334155;--ink-3:#64748B;--line:#E2E8F0;--bg:#fff;--bg-2:#F4F7FA;
  --cyan:#00B8D4;--cyan-ink:#0089A0;--cyan-50:#E6F8FB;
  --uae:#C8102E;--gcc:#0F8A5F;--world:#2563EB;--technology:#7C3AED;--cybersecurity:#C2410C;
  --r:14px;--wrap:1180px;
}
*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}
html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
body{font-family:"Plus Jakarta Sans",system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:var(--ink-2);background:var(--bg);line-height:1.6;font-size:16.5px}
a{color:var(--cyan-ink)}
img{max-width:100%;display:block}
.wrap{max-width:var(--wrap);margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px}
.skip{position:absolute;left:8px;top:-60px;background:#fff;padding:8px 12px;border-radius:8px;z-index:9}
.skip:focus{top:8px}
.i{width:16px;height:16px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;vertical-align:-3px;margin-inline-start:4px}
:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--cyan);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:4px}

/* masthead */
.mast{background:var(--ink);color:#fff;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:20;border-bottom:3px solid var(--cyan)}
.mast-row{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;min-height:68px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
.mark{width:30px;height:30px;border-radius:50%;border:4px solid var(--cyan);display:grid;place-items:center}
.mark i{width:8px;height:8px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--cyan)}
.word{font-weight:800;font-size:22px;letter-spacing:-.02em}.word b{color:var(--cyan)}
.tag{font-size:12.5px;color:#9FB3C8;border-inline-start:1px solid #2A3A52;padding-inline-start:12px;margin-inline-start:4px}
.topics{display:flex;gap:4px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.topics a{color:#CBD5E1;text-decoration:none;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;padding:8px 12px;border-radius:999px}
.topics a:hover,.topics a[aria-current]{background:#16223A;color:#fff}
@media (max-width:860px){.tag{display:none}.topics{overflow-x:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:100%;padding-bottom:10px}.topics a{white-space:nowrap}}

/* type */
.kicker{font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--cyan-ink)}
h1{color:var(--ink);font-size:clamp(30px,4.2vw,50px);line-height:1.08;letter-spacing:-.025em;font-weight:800;margin:10px 0 14px}
h1 a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}h1 a:hover{color:var(--cyan-ink)}
.dek{font-size:clamp(17px,1.6vw,20px);color:var(--ink-2);max-width:760px}
.meta{font-size:14px;color:var(--ink-3);margin-top:12px}
.meta a{color:var(--ink-2)}
.btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;margin-top:24px;background:var(--cyan);color:var(--ink);font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;padding:13px 22px;border-radius:999px}
.btn:hover{background:#19CBE6}

/* chips */
.chip{display:inline-block;font-size:11px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;padding:4px 9px;border-radius:6px;line-height:1.3}
.chip--uae{background:var(--uae)}.chip--gcc{background:var(--gcc)}.chip--world{background:var(--world)}.chip--technology{background:var(--technology)}.chip--cybersecurity{background:var(--cybersecurity)}

/* home */
.hero{background:linear-gradient(180deg,var(--bg-2),#fff);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
.hero-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.25fr 1fr;gap:48px;padding-block:56px 60px;align-items:center}
.lead-card{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:4px solid var(--cyan);border-radius:var(--r);padding:26px;box-shadow:0 24px 50px -30px rgba(11,18,32,.35)}
.lead-k{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;font-size:12.5px;font-weight:700;color:var(--ink-3);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em}
.lead-h{font-size:22px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.25;color:var(--ink);margin:14px 0 10px}
.lead-h a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.lead-h a:hover{color:var(--cyan-ink)}
.lead-s{font-size:15.5px}
.block{padding-block:52px}
.block-h{font-size:22px;color:var(--ink);font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.01em;margin-bottom:20px}
.rows{list-style:none;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.row a{display:grid;grid-template-columns:120px 1fr auto;gap:16px;align-items:center;padding:16px 4px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);text-decoration:none;color:var(--ink)}
.row a:hover .row-h{color:var(--cyan-ink)}
.row .chip{justify-self:start}
.row-h{font-weight:700;font-size:16.5px;line-height:1.35}
.row-m{font-size:13px;color:var(--ink-3);white-space:nowrap}
.rows .empty{padding:18px 4px;color:var(--ink-3)}
@media (max-width:760px){.hero-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding-block:40px}.row a{grid-template-columns:1fr}.row-m{white-space:normal}}
.band{background:var(--ink);color:#CBD5E1}
.band .block-h{color:#fff}
.tiles{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,minmax(0,1fr));gap:14px}
.tile{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;padding:20px;border-radius:var(--r);background:#111B2E;border:1px solid #1E2C45;text-decoration:none;color:#CBD5E1;border-top:4px solid var(--c)}
.tile:hover{background:#16223A}
.tile--uae{--c:var(--uae)}.tile--gcc{--c:var(--gcc)}.tile--world{--c:var(--world)}.tile--technology{--c:var(--technology)}.tile--cybersecurity{--c:#F97316}
.tile-n{color:#fff;font-weight:800;font-size:18px}
.tile-d{font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.5;flex:1}
.tile-c{font-size:13px;color:var(--cyan);font-weight:700}
@media (max-width:980px){.tiles{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}}
.split2{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:48px}
@media (max-width:760px){.split2{grid-template-columns:1fr}}
.more{font-weight:700;text-decoration:none}
.older,.archive{list-style:none;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.older a,.archive a{display:grid;gap:4px;padding:14px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);text-decoration:none;color:var(--ink-2)}
.older b,.archive b{color:var(--ink)}
.older .empty{padding:14px 0;color:var(--ink-3)}
.archive time{font-size:13px;color:var(--ink-3)}

/* issue */
.issue{padding-block:28px 64px}
.crumbs ol{list-style:none;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--ink-3)}
.crumbs li:not(:last-child)::after{content:"/";margin-inline-start:8px;color:#CBD5E1}
.crumbs a{color:var(--ink-3);text-decoration:none}
.issue-head{padding:24px 0 30px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);margin-bottom:34px}
.issue-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:280px 1fr;gap:48px;align-items:start}
.toc{position:sticky;top:96px;background:var(--bg-2);border-radius:var(--r);padding:20px}
.toc-k,.note-k,.why-k{font-size:12px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-3);margin-bottom:10px}
.toc ol{list-style:none;display:grid;gap:12px}
.toc a{display:grid;gap:5px;text-decoration:none;color:var(--ink);font-size:14px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.35}
.toc a .chip{justify-self:start;font-size:10px;padding:3px 7px}
.toc a:hover span{color:var(--cyan-ink)}
@media (max-width:980px){.issue-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.toc{position:static}}
.note{background:var(--cyan-50);border-inline-start:4px solid var(--cyan);border-radius:0 var(--r) var(--r) 0;padding:20px 24px;margin-bottom:36px;color:var(--ink)}
.sec-block{margin-bottom:20px}
.sec-h{font-size:13px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-3);display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;margin:10px 0 18px}
.sec-h::after{content:"";flex:1;height:1px;background:var(--line)}
.item{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--r);padding:24px 26px;margin-bottom:18px;scroll-margin-top:90px}
.item:target{border-color:var(--cyan);box-shadow:0 0 0 3px var(--cyan-50)}
.item-top{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center}
.perma{color:#CBD5E1;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700}.perma:hover{color:var(--cyan-ink)}
.item-h{font-size:22px;line-height:1.28;color:var(--ink);font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.01em;margin:12px 0 10px}
.sum{color:var(--ink-2)}
.why{margin-top:16px;padding:14px 16px;background:var(--bg-2);border-radius:10px}
.why-k{color:var(--cyan-ink);margin-bottom:6px}
.why p:last-child{color:var(--ink)}
.more-in{font-weight:700;display:inline-block}
.more-in::before{content:"→ ";}
.src{margin-top:14px;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--ink-3)}
.src a{font-weight:700}
.policy{font-size:14px;color:var(--ink-3);margin-top:26px}
.pager{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin-top:30px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.pager a{font-weight:700;text-decoration:none}

/* pages */
.page{padding-block:28px 72px;max-width:880px}
.page h1{margin-top:18px}
.prose h2{color:var(--ink);font-size:24px;margin:36px 0 10px}
.prose h3{color:var(--ink);font-size:17px;margin:22px 0 6px}
.prose p,.prose ul{margin-bottom:14px}
.prose ul{padding-inline-start:22px}.prose li{margin-bottom:8px}
.prose strong{color:var(--ink)}

/* footer */
.foot{background:var(--ink);color:#94A3B8;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:20px}
.foot a{color:#E2E8F0}
.foot-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.4fr 1fr 1fr;gap:36px;padding-block:44px}
.foot h2{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--cyan);margin-bottom:10px}
.foot p{margin-bottom:10px}
.foot-brand{font-size:22px;font-weight:800;color:#fff}.foot-brand b{color:var(--cyan)}
.foot-base{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #1E2C45;padding-block:18px;font-size:13px}
@media (max-width:760px){.foot-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}
@media print{.mast,.toc,.foot{display:none}}

/* ---- v1.1: answers, editor, language, launch-archive note ---- */
.topics a.lang{border:1px solid #2A3A57;color:#fff}
.compiled{margin-top:14px;padding:10px 14px;border-radius:10px;background:var(--cyan-50);color:var(--ink-2);font-size:14px;max-width:760px}
.disclaimer{margin:16px 0 8px;padding:12px 16px;border-inline-start:4px solid var(--cyan);background:var(--bg-2);border-radius:8px;font-size:14.5px;color:var(--ink-2);max-width:760px}
.page.wide{max-width:1040px}
.qa-group{margin-top:36px}
.qa-group h2{font-size:13px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-3);margin-bottom:6px}
.qa-list{list-style:none;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.qa-list li{padding:14px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
.qa-list a{font-weight:700;color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none;font-size:16.5px;line-height:1.4}
.qa-list a:hover{color:var(--cyan-ink)}
.qa-list p{margin-top:4px;color:var(--ink-3);font-size:14.5px}
.answer h1{font-size:clamp(28px,4vw,40px);line-height:1.15;margin:6px 0 18px;letter-spacing:-.02em}
.answer-a{font-size:18.5px;line-height:1.65;color:var(--ink);max-width:760px}
.answer h2{font-size:18px;margin:28px 0 10px}
.src-list{list-style:none;display:grid;gap:8px}
.src-list a{color:var(--cyan-ink);font-weight:600}
.how p{max-width:760px;color:var(--ink-2)}

/* ---- Arabic / RTL ---- */
@font-face{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Arabic";src:url("fonts/ibm-plex-sans-arabic-400.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:400;font-display:swap}
@font-face{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Arabic";src:url("fonts/ibm-plex-sans-arabic-600.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:600 800;font-display:swap}
html[lang="ar"] body{font-family:"IBM Plex Sans Arabic","Plus Jakarta Sans",system-ui,sans-serif;line-height:1.8}
html[lang="ar"] h1,html[lang="ar"] h2,html[lang="ar"] h3{letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.4}
html[lang="ar"] .kicker,html[lang="ar"] .sec-h,html[lang="ar"] .toc-k,html[lang="ar"] .note-k,html[lang="ar"] .why-k,html[lang="ar"] .qa-group h2{letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none;font-size:14px}
html[lang="ar"] .more-in::before{content:"← "}
html[lang="ar"] .i{transform:scaleX(-1)}
html[dir="rtl"] .skip{left:auto;right:8px}
html[lang="ar"] .word,html[lang="ar"] .foot-brand{font-family:"Plus Jakarta Sans",sans-serif}
.mast-row>.lang{color:#fff;text-decoration:none;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;padding:7px 14px;border:1px solid #2A3A57;border-radius:999px;white-space:nowrap}
.mast-row>.lang:hover{background:#16223A}
.crumbs+.kicker{margin-top:14px}
@media (max-width:860px){.mast-row>.lang{position:absolute;inset-inline-end:16px;top:14px}}